![]() ![]() As the languages are from completely different language families, the recurrence of these functions is by no means an accident instead, the functions are to be related to each other in a certain fashion that could be specified. In other words, these functions tend to be expressed by one form across different languages. He bought sugar, milk and also some bread.įrom the above, we could see that these functions could also be expressed by one expression in languages other than Chinese. Repetition–Inverted Sequence–Increment–Greater Degree–Supplement When he called, I was still taking a bath. Let_2 SG_1 PL_again_once_to_the_previous_problem_return Lassen_sie_uns_ noch_einmal_zu_dem_vorherigen_problem_zurückkehren. Repetition–Inverted Sequence–Increment–Greater Degree–Continuation–Decrement However, if attention could be turned from the nuances of usages within a single language to the notions these adverbs share cross-linguistically, it would be noticed that the various functions expressed by Chinese hai, zai or you could also be found in the repertoire of German noch, Ghomálá bing, Saisiyat nahan etc. Since then, the issue of what those multiple uses are and how to categorize them became the most disputed issues in early research (Biq 1989 Lü 吕叔湘 1980 Shao and Rao 邵敬敏, 饶春华 1985 Shi 史锡尧 1990, 19/1957 Language Class, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, 北京大学中文系1955/1957语言班 1982). Early in Wang 王力 ( 1944), it has already been pointed out that the adverbs ye and you have multiple uses in diverse contexts. In fact, each of the three adverbs can express far more functions than what have depicted above. For example, you can express the function of Supplement to show a parallel different action that has been added to a preceding one: 她吃完蘋果又吃了一個梨 ta chi wan pingguo you chi le yi ge li ‘she ate an apple and then ate a pear as well’. Likewise, you can also deliver functions other than Repetition. Apart from Repetition, adverb zai can also denote the function of Increment which demonstrates an additional quantified action like in the expression 再吃一個蘋果 zai chi yige pingguo ‘eat one more apple’. ![]() Besides, as also suggested by the glossings, they each have their own particular functions, like the Continuation function of hai, in which case hái is similar to English still and it refers to “an extension of a state of affairs up to an utterance time” (Michaelis 1996: 179). Take the adverbs 還 hai ‘again, still’, 再 zai ‘again, more’, and 又 you ‘again, also’ as examples, all of them can express the function of Repetition, Footnote 1 in which cases all of them can be rendered into English again. With the insight obtained from constructing this conceptual space, we also exemplified how this SMM approach benefits us in dealing with some long-standing puzzles with respect to Chinese repetitive adverbs.ĭue to a high degree of polysemy, the usage categorizing of some multifunctional Chinese adverbs has long been a subject of dispute. Based on first-hand data collected from 40 languages and second-hand data from reference grammar of 38 languages, a conceptual space centering on the concept of Repetition is established in this research. The Semantic Map Model (SMM) is just a tool that can best unravel the universal connective pattern. The recurrence of these notions is by no means an accident instead, the notions are to be related to each other in a certain fashion that could be specified. However, if attention could be turned from the nuances of usages within a single language to the notions these adverbs share cross-linguistically, it would be noticed that the notions expressed by these three adverbs like Repetition, Supplement and Increment could also be found in the repertoire of the counterparts in languages from completely different language families. ![]() There are some frequently used Chinese adverbs that display such a high degree of multifunctionality that the usage categorizing and the semantic connective pattern have long been a disputed issue, such as the repetitive adverbs 還 hai ‘still’, 再 zai ‘again’ and 又 you ‘again, also’. ![]()
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